05/14/2026
Why are the martial arts of Okinawa called, “Empty Hand” (karate), when there are plenty of techniques that aren’t done with empty hands?
In 1936, a group of Okinawan masters were assembled by the Japanese government and they signed off on the change from what they had been calling their martial arts since roughly 1477, To-de, “Chinese Hand”.
The official reason given by the Imperial Japanese government is that the name change was to make the Okinawan martial art “more Japanese” and far less Chinese. Second was the name change put an emphasis on the unarmed techniques of To-de and thus made it less of a perceived threat to the government and instead more of a school subject, more similar to gymnastics classes than to military basic training.
Recently I stated elsewhere, and apparently drew the wrath of South African karateka, that changing the name from Chinese Hand to Empty Hand was political, even racist. Those who responded poorly to my opinion said that the name change was to disconnect the art from the Chinese who had been attacking and killing Okinawans throughout history. They were escaping a re-traumatizing trigger word.
If that is true, why did they name their art Chinese Hand to begin with? Some sort of mass Stockholm Syndrome? And, did the Okinawans fail on their own to recognize this for almost 500 years? Also perplexing is that despite the change of the broad system name, the new Karate systems would continue to practice kata named in honor of Chinese martial artists: Seiunchin, Wansu, Chintuu, and Kushanku. If the Chinese were viewed as villains by the Okinawans, why weren’t these kata also renamed? Okinawan martial artists did not rename the kata and they can still be found to be practiced with their original names to this day.
However, it is important to note that Japanese karate martial arts founder, Funakoshi sensei, renamed three of them as well as some others that were not named for the Chinese. He renamed Wansu to Empi, Chintuu to Gankaku, and Kushanku to Kanku-Dai. He also renamed Passai to Bassai and Naifanchi to Tekki as well as Rohai to Meikyo and Pinan to Heian. But, again, while Shotokan is viewed by many karate practitioners as Japanese and the only true karate system, and therefore could represent a distancing from the Chinese, most Okinawan martial arts systems today still train the kata with their original names.