11/09/2026
Physiological Benefits of Exercise:
🟡Low Back Pain
80% of the population experience low back pain at some point.
150 million working days lost per year due to low back pain (CMO, 2005).
Exercise prevents occurrence and recurrence, supports rehabilitation and promotes a return to work.
Physical activity reduces stress and anxiety, both contributors to low back pain.
🟡 Cardiovascular Health
Exercise reduces major cardiovascular risk factors:
Hypertension
High cholesterol
Inactivity
Obesity
Diabetes
Stress
Cardiovascular adaptations from regular exercise:
Stronger cardiac muscle
Increased stroke volume
Lower resting heart rate
Increased cardiac output
Increased red blood cells and myoglobin
Lower blood pressure
Increased capillary density in muscles
Increased number of mitochondria
🟡 Low Back Pain
80% of the population experience low back pain at some point.
150 million working days lost per year due to low back pain (CMO, 2005).
Exercise prevents occurrence and recurrence, supports rehabilitation and promotes a return to work.
Physical activity reduces stress and anxiety, both contributors to low back pain.
🟡 Cardiovascular Health
Exercise reduces major cardiovascular risk factors:
Hypertension
High cholesterol
Inactivity
Obesity
Diabetes
Stress
Cardiovascular adaptations from regular exercise:
Stronger cardiac muscle
Increased stroke volume
Lower resting heart rate
Increased cardiac output
Increased red blood cells and myoglobin
Lower blood pressure
Increased capillary density in muscles
Increased number of mitochondria
🟡 Cholesterol & Heart Disease
Hypercholesterolaemia = high blood cholesterol, especially LDL, a major risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Exercise increases HDL (protective), decreases LDL, lowers overall cholesterol and reduces cardiovascular disease risk.
🟡 Osteoporosis & Bone Health
Physical activity promotes independence in later life.
Balance, co‑ordination and strength training reduce the risk of falls and fractures.
Weight‑bearing exercise improves bone density and helps develop peak bone mass up to age 30.
Helps reduce age‑related bone loss.
🟡 Hypertension
High blood pressure increases risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke; linked to obesity and diabetes.
Exercise helps reduce and normalise mild hypertension.
Prevents age‑related increases in blood pressure.
Supports stress and weight management.
🟡 Cancer Risk
Physical activity reduces the overall risk of many cancers.
Protective effect against colon cancer.
Reduces risk of breast cancer in post‑menopausal women.
Offers secondary prevention by reducing obesity.
🟡 Diabetes
Exercise reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Helps manage blood sugar and improve glycaemic control.
Improves insulin sensitivity.
Supports weight management, reducing a major risk factor.
🟡 Osteoarthritis
Exercise offers a preventative effect.
Improves range of movement, joint strength and muscle strength.
Nourishes cartilage via synovial fluid.
Reduces stiffness and pain.
Improves function and reduces disabling effects of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
🟡 Obesity Prevention
Physical activity assists with weight management.
Increases calorific expenditure.
Raises resting metabolic rate.
Helps reduce overall body fat.
🟡 Osteoporosis & Bone Health
Physical activity promotes independence in later life.
Balance, co‑ordination and strength training reduce the risk of falls and fractures.
Weight‑bearing exercise improves bone density and helps develop peak bone mass up to age 30.
Helps reduce age‑related bone loss.
🟡 Cholesterol & Heart Disease
Hypercholesterolaemia = high blood cholesterol, especially LDL, a major risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Exercise increases HDL (protective), decreases LDL, lowers overall cholesterol and reduces cardiovascular disease risk.