20/06/2026
His name was Dust Maker. He was also known as Pete Mitchell, a Ponca man photographed in northern Nebraska in 1898.
By the time this photograph was taken, the Ponca people had already endured one of the most painful chapters in their history. For generations, Ponca families lived along the Niobrara River in what is now Nebraska and South Dakota, with their own government, ceremonies, and relationships to the land.
In 1877, the United States government forcibly removed many Ponca people from their homelands and sent them to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. The journey and conditions that followed brought severe loss. Among those who died was the son of Chief Standing Bear, whose effort to return his son’s remains home for burial led to his arrest.
Standing Bear’s case, Standing Bear v. Crook, became a landmark in U.S. legal history. In 1879, Judge Elmer Dundy ruled that an American Indian was a “person” under the law for the purpose of habeas corpus, meaning Standing Bear had the right to challenge his detention in federal court.
The ruling did not undo the removal or heal the division immediately. Some Ponca people returned to Nebraska, while others remained in Oklahoma. Those histories continue today through the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma.
In 1898, federal Indian policy was also shaped by the Dawes Act, which divided many tribal lands into individual allotments and opened “surplus” lands to non-Native settlement. At the same time, boarding schools were working to separate Native children from their families, languages, and cultural practices.
Seen in that context, Dust Maker’s photograph is more than a portrait in an archive. It is a record of a Ponca man present in his homeland during an era that often described Native peoples as disappearing, even as Native communities continued to live, adapt, and carry their cultures forward.
The Ponca people are still here, maintaining community, memory, language efforts, and connections to the Niobrara River region.
What Indigenous story, person, or community do you think more people should learn about?